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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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92
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jan_mar
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0106300.000
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<text>
<title>
(Jan. 06, 1992) Science
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
Jan. 06, 1992 Man of the Year:Ted Turner
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 67
BEST OF 1991
</hdr>
<body>
<p> 1. BUCKYBALLS
</p>
<p> They are the best thing to happen to pure carbon since the
diamond: 60-atom molecules that are neither pyramid shape (like
diamonds) nor hexagonal (like graphite) but spherical, like
soccer balls. Captured for the first time in 1991 in computer-
generated "snapshots" (seen here with cesium-based handles--the
rabbit ears on top), these namesakes of Buckminster Fuller might
someday be fashioned into tiny ball bearings, featherweight
batteries or even super conducting wires that are just one
molecule thick.
</p>
<p> 2. PCR
</p>
<p> The polymerase chain reaction, a deceptively simple
process with an ungainly name, may turn out to be the most
important tool for genetics research since Mendel's peas. PCR
takes a snippet of DNA and in a matter of hours clones up to a
billion perfect copies. In the past year it has proved
invaluable in everything from making prenatal diagnoses of
genetic diseases to identifying rape suspects from a single
sperm cell.
</p>
<p> 3. CHEAP SOLAR CELLS
</p>
<p> This was a particularly bright year for photovoltaics, the
technology for converting sunlight into electricity. First Texas
Instruments and Southern California Edison developed a silicon
solar collector they claim will halve the cost of squeezing
juice from the sun. Then a pair of researchers in Switzerland
came up with an efficient photovoltaic device fashioned after
the greatest solar cells of all: the chlorophyll molecules in
plants.
</p>
<p> 4. RECONSTITUTED FDA
</p>
<p> For years, the Food and Drug Administration was a federal
backwater best known for being slow to approve potentially
life-saving drugs. The agency gained some respect in 1991 as new
commissioner David Kessler took aim at the food industry,
insisting that nutritional claims on labels be based on
scientific fact. The FDA seized brand-name products like Procter
& Gamble's Citrus Hill Fresh Choice orange juice that failed to
meet strict standards.
</p>
<p> 5. MASSIVELY PARALLEL SUPERCOMPUTERS
</p>
<p> This was the year it became clear that supercomputers of
the future will have not one or two or even dozens but
thousands of processors working in concert. One company,
Thinking Machines of Cambridge, Mass., introduced a
gymnasium-size number cruncher that can perform up to 2 trillion
operations a second. Now the firm just needs to find customers
willing to fork over $200 million.
</p>
<p> 6. PEN-BASED PORTABLES
</p>
<p> At the other end of the computer spectrum were the new
clipboard-style models designed to be operated with the flick
of a pen. Why fumble with a keyboard or an electronic mouse when
you can point and draw directly on your computer screen? The
machines can even be taught to read your handwriting, provided
you ever learn to make that scrawl legible.
</p>
<p> 7. GULF WAR TECHNOLOGY
</p>
<p> For years, American weapons technology was the butt of
bitter jokes, taxpayer complaints and congressional
investigations. That was before the world watched video footage
of U.S. smart bombs threading the eye of Iraq's military needle.
</p>
<p> 8. THE 4,600-YEAR-OLD MAN
</p>
<p> It was a stunning archaeological find--and the best ad
yet for cryogenics. Not only did this Late Stone Age mountain
climber emerge in remarkably good shape from his icy tomb in the
Italian Alps, but his tools and some of his clothing were intact--a treasure trove scientists will be mining for years.
</p>
<p> 9. CROP CIRCLES DEMYSTIFIED
</p>
<p> It was a victory of skeptical scientific inquiry over
tabloid headlines. For 13 years people had been concocting
increasingly bizarre explanations for those mysterious circles
and lines pressed into the grain fields of southern England.
Were they the landing sites of UFOs? No, the crop circles--or
at least some of them--were the handiwork of a pair of elderly
British landscape painters who engineered the elaborate hoax
(with string and planks) "for a bit of a laugh."
</p>
<p> AND THE WORST...
</p>
<p> No one challenged his science--or his personal honesty--but David Baltimore, one of the world's leading biologists,
signed his name over a co-author's research that federal
investigators later determined was faked. His mistake might have
been forgiven, but not his prideful refusal to reexamine the
data. Instead he belittled the whistle-blowers and decried the
government's "witch-hunt." The controversy helped bring about
his resignation as president of Rockefeller University.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>